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...You get stimulated scattering, and it can be a big problem for some kinds of beams. ...rgy that wasn’t used up making that infrared photon (which is usually most of it). This is usually a very weak process, and for practical purposes we wo ...

.... This curvature in turn is made by energy (including mass), the movement of energy (including mass), and stress. ...of the coordinates of the events (in time and space) and a 4&times;4 array of numbers called the <i>metric tensor</i>, usually denoted with the symbol <i ...

You've managed to direct the fearsome energies of your death ray beam onto your foe. Great! So now you have an intense irra ...And the fluence <i>F</i> is the total energy delivered for a given amount of area, <i>F</i> = <i>I</i> <i>t</i>. ...

...not insignificant component of dust grains, making up 1% of the total mass of the medium on average. ...at a 1 cm thick carbon shield can go 25,000 light-years (at a speed of 30% of c). However, heating proves to be a significant concern, and erosion from d ...

...pe velocity from the Sun, and the start and end point are on the same side of the Sun rather than crossing near the Sun during the trip, the straight-lin ...work everything in metric units (SI), meters, kilograms, and seconds. One of the challenges in explaining propulsion is that it is easy to get tangled u ...

...some velocities and projected at a remote target. Like a hail of trillions of atom-sized (or smaller) bullets, the particle beam smashes into the target, ...Often high-energy particles can penetrate into a target or release showers of secondary radiation that penetrate deeply. This irradiation also offers a s ...

Ah, black holes. Flaws in the fabric of the universe. Empty voids from which nothing can return. The ultimate unk ...its gravity gets so high that the escape velocity is higher than the speed of light. Because nothing can go faster than light, nothing can escape. This ...

...tested them, it gives confidence that relativity is a correct description of reality. Which seems to rather throw a wet towel on our hopes for rapid tr ...of a warp drive &ndash; the spacecraft remains stationary within a region of highly curved space-time, and that region moves at super-luminal speeds rat ...

...somehow. It does this by emitting particles or waves that carry away most of that energy. These particles or waves move away from the nuclear material ...es of these can react to distribute their energy among various other kinds of particles or waves that radiate away. Because these particles or waves are ...

...earch systems the size of cities, they have an incredible widespread range of applications. There are also many, many ways to build a particle accelerato ...e a general primer on particle accelerators, their physics and a selection of technologies and construction styles. In detail, all particle accelerators ...